UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

WILLIAM H. SPOONER, OF BRISTOL, RHODE ISLAND.

COMPOSITION OIL FOR LUBRICATING, PAINT, &c.

Specification forming part of Letters Patent No. 45,090, dated November 15, 1864.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, WILLIAM H, SPOONER, of Bristol, in the county of Bristol and State of Rhode Island, have Invented certain new and useful Improvements in Composition Oils for Lubricating, Paint, and other Purposes; and I hereby declare that the following is a full, clear, and exact description of the same.

The object of this my invention is to produce a cheap substitute for the different oils or compositions of oils used in the arts for the purposes of lubricating, painting, softening wool, leather, &c. The large amount of mineral oil manufactured from coals, peat, tar, &c., or drawn from the oil-wells, and which can be afforded at comparatively small cost, suggested the employment of this substance as a substitute for animal or vegetable oil for the uses before mentioned, but it was found that it did not possess the requisite qualities.

Attempts were heretofore made to produce from coal-oil or paraffine lubricating or other dense oils used for various purposes in the arts. For this purpose caoutchouc or other gummy and resinous substances were combined with by dissolving them in coal-oil or paraffine; but the results do not appear to have given satisfaction, and no good lubricating, paint, or other like oil made from mineral oil or its distillates has, to my knowledge, been successfully introduced.

The experiments instituted by me have resulted in the production from mineral oils of an oil admirably adapted for lubricating machinery, oiling of wool, preparing paints, softening leather, and for many other purposes, and I have accomplished this by proceeding in the manner as follows: I first take caoutchouc or pure india-rubber, such as purchasable in the market, and dissolve it in paraffine-oil, benzine, or naphtha in the proportions of one pound of the former to four gallons of the latter. If paraffine-oil be used as the dissolving agent of caoutchouc, I would recommend that it should be warmed to about 100° Fahrenheit. The mixture of one pound of caoutchouc with four gallons of either of the above-named substances should be exposed to frequent agitation for about ten days, when the mixture will be complete and intimate. I then take paraffine-oil, such as derived from the distillation of coals, peat, tar, or petroleum, and add it to the mixture or solution before described in the proportions of forty gallons of the former to three of the latter, heating the mixture to a temperature of from 100° to 200° Fahrenheit, agitating the mass for five hours, more or less. The mixture is then allowed to rest, and a separation of impure and foreign matters and of undissolved caoutchouc will take place, when the clear oil, ready for use, may be drawn off.

Having thus fully described my invention and the manner in which the same is or may be carried into effect, I claim—

1. The method herein described of preparing oil adapted for use as a lubricating, paint, wool, currier’s, or other like oil by combining with dissolved caoutchouc paraffine-oil, when said combination is effected in the proportions and in the manner herein set forth.

2. As a new article of manufacture, a composition oil, the same consisting of caoutchouc dissolved in hydrocarbon mixed with the oily distillates of coal, peat, tar, or petroleum in the manner and the proportions set forth. In testimony whereof I have signed my name to this specification before two subscribing witnesses.

WILLIAM H. SPOONER.

Witnesses:
M. BENNETT,
JAS. E. FRENCH.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE

PLEASANT A. COBB, OF LYNCHBURG, VIRGINIA.
Letters Patent No. 102,093, dated April 19, 1870.

IMPROVED EXTRACT FOR THE CURE OF CANCER AND OTHER DISEASES.

The Schedule referred to in these Letters Patent and making part of the same.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, PLEASANT A. Cobb, of Lynchburg, in the State of Virginia, have invented a certain new and useful Extract for the Cure of Cancer and other Diseases; and I do hereby declare that the following is a full, clear, and exact description of the manner of making and using the same, and of the several ingredients thereof.

In preparing this extract I take about equal quantities of the following roots and barks, broken into pieces of moderate size or somewhat pounded in a mortar.

White-oak bark, (quercus alba.)
Red-oak bark, (quercus rubra.)
Black-hawes root, (viburnum prunifolium.)
He, or stag’s-horn, sumach root, (rhus typhina.)
Sassafras root, (laurus sassafras.)
Persimmon bark, (diospyros Virginianum.)
Dog-wood root, (cornus Florida.)

These roots and barks I subject to the action of water of about the temperature of 212° Fahrenheit. The time to which I thus expose them to the water will be due to the freshness or dryness of the barks and roots, and will be continued until the medicinal strength is abstracted, which can readily be ascertained by occasionally taking on a piece of the roots or barks and tasting of it.

When the strength of the roots and barks is obtained, I pour off the fluid and evaporate it down to the consistence of ordinary paste. This constitutes the extract; and this extract I apply to the cancers and other diseases.

The application sets up at first a sloughing action, releasing the cancer from the flesh and allowing of its easy removal, and then creating a healing and healthy process in the flesh or diseased surfaces.

Now, what I claim as my invention, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is-

The extract for the cure of cancers; &c., made in the manner and of the ingredients as herein recited.

This specification signed this 1st day of February, 1870.

PLEASANT A. COBB.

Witnesses:
THOS. T. EVERETT,
ROBERT EVERETT.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

WILHELM HERRMANN AND MARTIN MUGDAN, OF NUREMBERG, GERMANY, ASSIGNORS TO CONSORTIUM FURELEKTROCHEMISCHE INDUSTRIE G. M. B. H., OF NUREMBERG, GERMANY.

PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ALDOL.

1,220,746. Specification of Letters Patent. Patented Mar. 27, 1917.

No Drawing. Application filed September 3, 1913. Serial No. 787,996.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that we, WILLHELM HERRMANN and MARTIN MUGDAN, residing at Nuremberg, Germany, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Processes for the Manufacture of Aldol of which the following is a specification.

In almost all of the known processes for the manufacture of aldol the condensation of the aldehyde is effected by an aqueous salt solution and in this way an aqueous solution of aldol is obtained as the final product from which the aldol must be isolated by shaking with a solvent usually ether which is an inconvenient and costly procedure.

According to the present invention experiments have therefore been made to work out a process in which no water shall be used at all. It has already been attempted to employ the condensing agent in the dry state, thus, for example, dry alkali carbonate has been proposed, yet in this case owing to the large quantity originally used, it was necessary to effect the isolation of the aldol by shaking with ether, and to wash with water in order to remove the potash. Further experiments with condensing agents with the exclusion of water led to no appreciable formation of aldol, and, in fact, when using alcoholate, for example, total resinification took place.

The surprising fact has now been discovered that this tedious method of operation, according to which both time and material are wasted, can be overcome, and that the aldol can be obtained in the anhydrous form directly by distillation from the product of reaction if the acetaldehyde is treated with certain condensing agents in the dry state in very small quantities.

It is surprising that this is possible, owing to the tendency of aldehyde and aldol to resinification and decomposition, and it is also remarkable that quite small quantities of certain condensing agents can effect the aldol condensation.

Catalysts of this kind have been discovered in the alkali or alkaline earth metals, their amalgams or alloys, their products of reaction with aldehyde and their other compounds soluble in aldehyde, such as, for example, alcoholates, cyanids, etc.

It has been found sufficient to employ not more than 5% by weight of these substances in the dry state, upon the amount of acetaldehyde which is subjected to aldol condensation; usually far smaller quantities will suffice.

Example 1: To 1,000 parts of acetaldehyde are added in portions 70 parts of a 2% calcium amalgam (corresponding to 1.4 parts of metallic calcium); the mixture is preferably stirred. Gas is evolved, and at first a salt begins to separate out which later goes into solution. The heat evolved by the reaction is removed by cooling. The reaction is over after some hours when the contents of the flask consist of a viscous liquid, which, however, is quite water-clear; the product can be directly subjected to distillation in vacuo when a good yield of aldol is obtained as a water-clear distillate. The flask contains a slight residue together with the mercury which was contained in the amalgam which can then be recovered as a metallic regulus.

Example 2: 1 part of solid powdered potassium cyanid is added in portions to 1000 parts of dry aldehyde. The reaction occurs with vigorous evolution of heat; a compound of the potassium cyanid with the aldehyde separates out first, and then again dissolves as in Example 1; a water-clear product is obtained from which the aldol can be obtained by distillation in vacuo.

For the sake of brevity we will use the term “light metals” as comprising the alkali or alkaline earth metals.

We claim as our invention-

1. In the process for the manufacture of aldol by treating acetaldehyde in absence of water with not more than 5% of a suitable dry catalyst as condensing agent capable of yielding on reaction a compound of a light metal, the step which consists in separating the aldol from the condensing agent by direct distillation in vacuo.

2. In the process for the manufacture of aldol by treating acetaldehyde in absence of water and of other solvents with not more than 5% of a suitable dry catalyst as condensing agent capable of yielding on reaction a compound of a light metal, the step which consists in separating the aldol from the condensing agent by direct distillation in vacuo.

3. The process for the manufacture of aldol which comprises treating acetaldehyde in absence of water with less than 1% of a dry catalyst as condensing agent, said catalyst being such as to yield on reaction a compound of a light metal, and separating the aldol so formed from said catalyst by direct distillation in vacuo.

4. The process for the manufacture of aldol which comprises treating acetaldehyde in absence of water with less than 1% of a dry light metal as condensing agent; and separating the aldol so formed by direct distillation in vacuo.

5. The process for the manufacture of aldol which comprises treating acetaldehyde in absence of water and in presence of less than 1% of a catalyst consisting of a compound of a light metal soluble in acetaldehyde, and separating said aldol from said catalyst by direct distillation in vacuo.

6. In the process for the manufacture of aldol by treating acetaldehyde in absence of water with less than 5% of a dry catalyst as condensing agent, the step which consists in separating the aldol by direct distillation in vacuo, the temperature and the initial percentage of the catalyst being so controlled that no considerable resinification takes place.

7. The process of condensation which comprises subjecting acetaldehyde to the action of an alkali-forming metal to form acetaldol, the metal present being substantially one tenth of one per cent of the acetaldehyde.

In testimony whereof we affix our signatures in presence of two witnesses.

WILHELM HERRMANN.

MARTIN MUGDAN.

Witnesses:

MARTIN ERHARD,

WOLFRAM HAEHNEL.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
SAMUEL CLIME, OF BUCKS COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.
COMBINED PLOW, &c.
Specification of Letters Patent No. 53, dated October 15, 1836.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, SAMUEL CLIME, of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, have invented a combined plow, being a machine for plowing in light free soil, for plowing in grain, dressing Indian corn, and all other light work of similar kind.

The principle of combination on which the due construction of the machine depends is to place the line of draft, or beam so that the resistance to be overcome may bear equally on each side of that line. To effect this purpose the transverse beam or rest to which the several plows are attached is fastened to the beam precisely in the middle of the transverse beam, and having the center plow immediately under the point of intersection. The other plows are then placed equidistant on each side of the beam. This disposition brings the beam of the plow very nearly in the line of equal resistance, the middle plow becomes a center of motion, or fulcrum in which the whole machine balances, and adds greatly to the strength of the apparatus, and the firmness of its parts. The transverse beams cross the beam of the plow at an angle of forty five degrees thus placing the right hand plow as much before the next succeeding one as it is removed at a right angle on one side and thereby giving the greatest possible room, or space with the least length of beam. For the same reason the length of the sole of the plow should not much exceed its extreme breadth. The proportions used, and found convenient, are about ten inches in length by eight in breadth, and the turn of the mold board should be very little beyond a perpendicular from the hinder corner of the share.

The plows consist simply of a mould board, landside, and sheath, or standard. The mold board is drawn, flattened out at the lower edge so as to supply the place of a share, or wing. These should all be of Iron either hammered, and rolled, or cast at the pleasure of the maker, and fastened into the transverse beam by the standard with a shoulder on the under side of the beam fitted to an iron collar, or codrill, and a screw or nut or strong wedge on the top of the beam. The standards are made one foot in height, and the draft, or depth of the plow is given by elevating the forward end of the beam about one inch the whole length of the beam being five feet. The hinder end of the beam is fastened in a piece of timber crossing it at right angles horizontally, and meeting a similar piece of timber laid parallel with the beam, and both of them fastened in the transverse beam so as to brace the whole framework, and to form a rest for the stilts, or handles of the plow.

The machine is found to work well with plows of eight inches in, breadth placed at the distance of fourteen inches front each other, thus cutting about ten inches each, and using five plows. Two horses are able to work this combined plow quite easily, and to pass over as much land in a day as three teams of two horses each with a common single plow.

To construct a combined plow, draw a right line A, B, for the beam about five feet in length. Draw another line C, D, for the transverse beam at an angle of forty five degrees with the former cutting at A, B, at a convenient distance from the hinder end, say fifteen inches, and carry C, D, with the right end forward to equal distances on each side of A, B, making the whole length of C, D, for five plows, say four feet eight inches, for three plows two feet four inches, and in proportion to the number, and size of the plows intended to be used allowances must be made in these measurements for the ends, and fastenings, the bracing and handles may be made of any form to please the maker, and combining strength with lightness of material. The transverse beam should be made of good white oak timber, not less than four inches deep, and having rivets well fastened passing horizontally through it at each end, or one inch at each side of each standard.

SAMUEL CLIME.

Witnesses:
WILLIAM B. REED,
WM. MICHAEL.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
JAMES MURRAY, OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND.
ENDLESS-SLIDE-CHAIN-CARRIAGE SAWMILL.
Specification of Letters Patent No. 51, dated October 11, 1836.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, JAMES MURRAY, of the city of Baltimore and State of Maryland, have invented a new and useful improvement in Sawmills by the Application of an Endless-Slide-Chain Carriage, which is described as follows, reference being had to the annexed drawings of the same, making part of this specification.

The distinguishing feature of this improvement consists in making use of an endless chain carriage having a continual motion for conveying the logs to the saws as well as conveying away the boards, instead of the common sliding carriage, which requires to be stopped and drawn back every time a cut has been made to receive a new log. The main part of the sawmill frame is made similar to those of the best construction in use.

In the improvement each link of the chains consists of three pieces, namely, the link A, the coupling or strop band the pin C. The link is made in the manner represented in the drawing with an acute angled or V notch, or other formed groove on the under side for sliding over the way D, which is formed of a corresponding shape on its upper edge to fit thereon. Projections E, are likewise formed on the sides of the link of the chain to allow the pincers F, to lay hold of the same, for securing the clamps which embrace the log, and hold it fast. The strap is made with an eye at each end, through which, and corresponding eyes in the cars pass the pins for connecting the cars, and strap together; the pins are made round to fit the holes just mentioned. There are two chains G, H, forming the two sides of the carriage placed parallel with each other at a sufficient distance apart according to the width of carriage required. They pass around polygonal wheels i, placed horizontally at a suitable distance apart determined by the length of the carriage. The parts of the chains which support the log move over permanent ways D, made in the manner before described fixed on the frame. The log is secured to the chains by means of clamps, each clamp consisting of a transom Figure K, placed across the chains, upon which the log is laid. A beam L, is placed upon the log over the transom just mentioned connected at the ends of the pincers F, which lock under the projections of the chains before described. There may be any required number of these clamps which are required to be removed constantly by the attendant, as the log advances, and replaced in the rear of the saws. The polygonal wheels at each end over which the chains pass, being necessarily larger than the pinion on the common sawmill the speed must be regulated by suitable gearing. The log may also be secured upon the carriage by binders in the usual manner with the addition of braces M, to prevent the log from rising.

An additional set of saws, and carriage may be used for cutting a log into any number of pieces, and after these pieces are cut, they may be turned down on another carriage and cut into laths, flooring, or other stuff from half an inch to any requisite thickness.

By the use of this carriage but little time is wasted in sawing as one log may be placed against the end of the preceding one, and the saws kept constantly going, whereas in the common gang sawmill, the saws will be idle while the boards are taken off and the carriage is backed to receive another log. Another advantage in the use of an endless carriage is that it will discharge the lumber out of the mill without manual labor. The gangs of saws and endless carriages may be so arranged that the timber from one carriage, when sawn shall pass directly upon another carriage, or otherwise.

The invention claimed and desired to be secured by Letters Patent consists in-

The application of an endless slide chain or chains forming a continual moving carriage, upon which the timber is sawed, and the boards, etc., are conveyed out of the mills.

JAMES MURRAY.

Witnesses:
SAM FARNANDES, N. P.,
JOHN W. POWERS.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
JOHN TALBOT, OF PORTSMOUTH, VIRGINIA.
TURNOUT FOR RAILROADS.

Specification of Letters Patent No. 48, dated October 11, 1836.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, John Talbot, of the town of Portsmouth, in the county of Norfolk and State of Virginia, have invented a new and useful Improvement in Turnouts for Railroads, called “Talbot’s Hinged Turnout”, which is described as follows, reference being had to the annexed drawings of the same, making part of this specification.

This improved turn-out consists of two parallel inclined planes, A, A, attached to the sides of the rails of the main track by hinges, and which, when not in use, are turned down, out of the way in the manner represented in Figure I, and when in use, or when it is required to make a turn, they are turned over upon the rails, Fig. II, so that the irons of the inclined planes shall be coincident with the irons of the main track, and thus change the direction of the track in any manner required, having also a section of a rail, B, to turn on hinges over the track at the curve as shown at C, Fig. II. The irons are made thinner than those of the main track, and tapered like a wedge as seen at D.

It will be perceived that this improvement will do away with the necessity of cutting into the main track, or of slackening the pace of the train as required in the use of the common turn-out.

The invention claimed consists in-

Making the movable sections of a turn-out for railroads to lap or turn over on the main track whether constructed in the precise manner here represented, or in any other containing the same principle.

JOHN TALBOT.

Witnesses:
Wm. P. Elliott,
Wm. Bishop.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
CONRAD KILE, OF PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA.
LOOM FOR WEAVING CLOTH FOR STOCKS.
Specification of Letters Patent No. 47, dated October 11, 1836.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, CONRAD KILE, of the city of Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Looms for Weaving Cloth for Stocks, (for which loom I obtained Letters Patent of the United States, dated September 18th, 1835;) and I do hereby declare that the following is a full and exact description thereof.

My improvement upon the loom above named consists principally in the means by which I adapt the common straight lathe to the concave breast beam used by me. For this purpose the breast, or strain beam is cut off, or made straight on that side which is toward the lathe, and is also on that side hollowed out lengthwise, so as to admit the lower rail, or piece of the frame of the lathe to pass within it, thereby allowing the reed to come in contact, or nearly so with the breast beam, at every beat thereof. The upper part, and that portion of the fixed breast beam, which is toward the workman over which the yarn or chain passes is hollowed out for the purpose fully set forth, and described in my former specification. At every beat the lathe passes up to the same point, the woven material being received on the cloth beam to an extent equal to that occupied by the bristle or other filling against which it strikes. On one end of the hollowed cloth beam there is a wheel or pulley around which a cord passes having a weight attached to it to operate the cloth beam as it receives the cloth, this wheel, or pulley is also furnished with a ratchet wheel and pawl to admit of the weight being wound up when necessary without disturbing the cloth beam. A wheel, or pulley similarly constructed are applied to the yarn beam by which the proper degree of strain is given thereto while the web is allowed to move forward readily at every beat of the lathe.

The yarn beam may be of any length which may be preferred taking care to make the concavity in it, and my cloth beam such as shall adapt them to the curvature which I wish to give to the woven material.

With my improved loom I can use such bobbins, lathe, and shutters as in ordinary use, either using them by hand, or operating them by power as I may see fit.

As regards the curvature given to the hollow of’ the yarn, and cloth beams I now find the girth of the middle of them should be about one fourth less than that of the ends, the curvature of the breast beam being also adapted thereto.

What I claim as my improvement is-

1. The manner in which I construct the breast beam as above described for the purpose of enabling me to use a straight lathe for weaving stock bodies, such lathe being made in the ordinary way.

2. I also claim those changes described as made in the arrangement of the other parts of the apparatus to adapt it to the carrying out of this improvement, the nature of which will be fully understood by comparing this description with that of my former loom, no part of which is intended to be claimed in this specification.

3. And I further claim the use of a loom constructed upon the principle set forth to the weaving of a variety of other articles to which a bias is given by having the chain longer in one part than in another, such for example as stock stiffeners, jackets, corsets so or parts thereof.

CONRAD KILE.

Witnesses:
DANIEL B. LIPPARD,
S. BADYN.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
NEAL HALL, OF BRUNSWICK, AND JOTHAM CHASE, OF WATERBORO, MAINE.
SHUTTER-FASTENER FOR STORE-WINDOWS, &c.
Specification of Letters Patent No. 46, dated October 11, 1836.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that we, NEAL HALL, of Brunswick, in the county of Cumberland, and JOTHAM CHASE, of Waterboro, in the county of York, and both of the State of Maine, have invented a new and useful Improvement in Modes of Fastening Shutters for Windows in Stores and other Buildings Where Security is Required, and that the following is a full and exact description of the same, reference being had to the annexed drawings of the same, making part of this specification.

The bolt A, in Figure 1, which goes through the bar B, of the shutter is to be made in such a way that the socket or eye C, shall be in a vertical position, and that the key D, will enter this socket or eye perpendicularly, the key is to be longer than usual, and is to be attached by staples E, to the window frame of the building directly over the hole where the end of the bolt comes through, and is to be kept in a perpendicular direction by means of these staples, and made to play up, and down freely. There is to be a small stop, or shoulder F, on each side of that part of the key which lies between the staples so as to prevent the key dropping beyond the required depth. Underneath the key there is to be a spring G, which covers the hole where the end of the bolt comes through, and on the upper end of the spring there is a shoulder H, upon which the lower end of the key rests when the bolt is out of the hole, and the key is up, a small plate of iron may be nailed over the hole outside the building with a hole through the same of a shape, and size corresponding to the bolt which passes through it.

The operation is as follows: When the shutter is closed, and the bar put in its place, the bolt is put into the hole the ends of which strike against the steel springs which being pressed off, lets the key drop into the socket, or eye of the bolt, when the shutter is to be opened the key is raised, when the steel spring acts against the end of the bolt, and brings the shoulder (on the upper part of the steel spring) under the key and prevents its dropping down. The advantage gained is this: That one person can close, and fasten the shutters, and after they are closed it presents increased obstacles to persons entering from without.

Fig. 2, represents another modification of the same principle in which a is the key, b, fork in the lower end, c, shoulder at the upper end, d, stop between the staples, e, staples confining the key in a vertical position but allowing it to move freely up, and down, f, spring, g, shoulder or part bent at right angles, h, rivets or screws fastening the spring to the inside of the frame, i, bolt, k, knob on the end of the same.

Fig. 3, represents a third modification, l, the spring in two parts, m, the staple, n, the rivets to fasten it to the window frame, o, the bolt, p, conically shaped knob of the same. This spring can be placed horizontally as well as vertically, or in any position required.

The invention claimed consists in-

1. The mode of fastening window shutters by means of a fiat spring fastened on the inside of the window frame with a shoulder, or bent at right angles at its loose end upon which rests a sliding key held in a vertical position by staples, and which when the bolt from the outside is passed through the bar, and frame comes in contact with the spring causing it to yield inward, and pass from under the key, said key from its gravity drops into the eye of the bolt the shoulder on the key retaining it in a proper position, by which means the shutter is secured from the outside of the building, without the inconvenience of passing to the inside to insert the key, as in the usual mode.

2. Also in making the key forked, so as to embrace the end of a bolt with a knob on its smaller end, likewise in having the spring divided about two thirds its length more or less so that the knob of the bolt which is made of a conical shape, may in entering cause the two parts of the spring to open until the knob of the bolt is passed through when they close around its neck, and thus hold it fast, by which arrangement this spring may be placed, either vertically, horizontally, or in any position required.

NEAL HALL.
JOTHAM CHASE.

Witnesses:
C. H. W. WHARTON,
WM. P. ELLIOT.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
JOSEPH C. BALDWIN, OF STAUNTON, VIRGINIA.
MACHINE FOR SHELLING CORN.
Specification of Letters Patent No. 45, dated October 11, 1836.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, JOSEPH C. BALDWIN, of Staunton, in the county of Augusta and State of Virginia, have invented an Improvement in the Construction of Machines for Shelling Corn, and that the following is a full and exact description thereof.

The machine which I have improved is of that kind in which the shelling is effected by the revolution of a vertical cast iron disk having teeth or small protuberances on one of its faces, between which, and an elastic piece of wood or other material the corn is made to pass.

The frame of this machine may be varied in its form, and the disk may be driven by a whirl, and band or by gearing as may be preferred in three parts.

I do not claim to have made any improvement but limit myself in this particular to the manner in which I construct that part of the machine which receives the ears to be shelled and bear them up against the revolving disk until the operation is completed. In front of the revolving disk I make a fixture of any suitable material preferring it to be in the form of a perforated plate of cast-iron extending across the whole diameter of the disk, and reaching up to its center, the upper edge of the piece serving to receive one of the gudgeons of the disk. This fixture or plate stands at such distance from the disk as to allow the feeding in the ears between them, and partitions project from it so as to come nearly into contact with the teeth, these partitions forming two, three or any convenient number of troughs in which the ears are received, and in passing through which they are shelled, a steel spring forms the back of each of these troughs being attached by the upper end to the iron plate or other above described the lower end inclining toward the disk, and approaching within a short distance of it.

What I claim as constituting my improvement is-

The constructing of two, three, or any other convenient number of troughs sufficiently large to receive the ears of corn to be shelled, and the bearing these ears up against the revolving disk by steel springs the whole being fixed, and operating in the way herein set forth.

JOSEPH C. BALDWIN.

Witnesses:
SAM STETTINEUS,
G. L. Giberson.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
ENOS ALVORD AND NELSON ALVORD, OF WESTFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS.
LATHE FOR TURNING, &c.
Specification of Letters Patent No. 43, dated October 11, 1836.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that we, ENOS ALVORD and NELSON ALVORD, of Westfield, in the county of Hampden and State of Massachusetts, have invented a new and improved machine or lathe adapted to the turning of a great variety of articles, both large and small, whether they are required to be cylindrical, regularly tapering, or to be bulged or swelled in one or more parts-such, for example, as gaffs for the sails of vessels, whip-stocks, ramrods, &c.; and we do hereby declare that the following is a full and exact description thereof, reference being had to the drawing accompanying and making a part of this specification.

This machine must necessarily vary in size according to the purpose to which it is to be applied, and its frame work may be differently constructed while the principle upon which it operates will remain unchanged, but for the purpose of description, we have taken, and given the dimensions of the parts of a medium size, which we have constructed, and used, and which we have found to answer well in practice.

In the drawing, a, a, b, b, d, d, and e, e, represent the frame work of the machine, a, a are two sills five feet and a half long three inches high, and two inches thick.

b, b, b, are three cross sills, one foot long from inside to inside, five and a half inches high, and two inches thick, they consequently rise two and a half inches above the side sills, and this is done for the purpose of passing a bolt through them and through the posts d, d. These four posts are five inches long from shoulder to shoulder, and are two inches square. The plates e, e, constituting the top of the frame, are two inches thick, and three wide. The mandrel c is fixed in the ordinary way of fixing mandrels in colleer and mandrel lathes, and so that its axis shall correspond with a center line between the sills and the plates. The two head sills b, b, are fourteen inches apart which allows a good length for the mandrel.

Screw rods or bolts f, f, f, extend from the side sills to the plates on each side of the frame, as shown in the drawing. The ends of these bolts are formed into pivots which pass into, and revolve in bushed holes in the sills, and plates, five such bolts on each side we deem sufficient for a machine of the size described. These bolts may be five-eighths of an inch in diameter, in the middle they are made square for about half an inch in length for the purpose of turning them by means of a wrench, they are tapped at one end with a right handed, and at the other with a left handed screw, the threads of which must be equal, and extend from the pivots to the square. Elastic strips of steel or other metal g, g, two inches wide, and one-fourth of an inch thick are drilled and tapped so as to correspond with the screws on the bolts which pass through them, and by being turned determine the distance of these strips from each other for the purpose to be presently described.

The piece marked h, and shown separately in Figure 2, we denominate the jack, it is made of timber three inches square, and its length is such as to fill the space between the opposite strips g, g, by which it is to be guided in its passage along the machine. It has on each end a plate of metal, i, which may be a circular disk of cast-iron, half an inch thick, and three inches in diameter, on each of these plates there are four projecting pins, k, k, k, k, placed in pairs at the opposite edges, the two forming a pair being one-fourth of an inch apart, so as to embrace the strips g, g, between them, the jack thus constructed when placed between these places, and embracing them by its pins may be made to slide along them, and will adapt it to such sinuosity; or curvature as may be given to them:- Upon the under side of the jack a cutter b, is fixed which cutter is curved, and answers the purpose both of a gouge, and chisel in the operation of turning, it lies along the face of the jack to which it is affixed by a screw, in its notch, the cutting edges being immediately under the throat n, through which the turnings are delivered. M, M, M, are set screws which bear against and regulate the cutter.

There is a second piece of timber similar in size to the jack, and armed at each end in like manner with plates, and pins fitting on the lower steel plates, and forming a counter to the jack, as the piece to be turned is embraced between them. An excavation r is made on the upper face of the cut to receive the article to be turned. It is in form like the half of a trumpet mouth, admitting at its longer part the unturned article, and by its smaller, confining it when turned. The piece marked O, on the jack is an iron rest, or cheek piece, which is made to bear against and steady the stuff as it is turned. In the machine described it is four inches long, one inch wide, and half an inch thick; it turns upon a pivot, supported by an iron plate at p. Its lower end passes into a notch, or excavation in the cat so formed as to cause the rest to approach toward or to recede from the piece turned, as it becomes altered in diameter by the approach or retreat of the jack, and cat, from the action of the guides g, g. The cross excavation on the cat, before spoken of, is faced with, or consists of iron, and upon the face of the jack opposite to the edge of the cutter there is a projecting piece of iron, similar in form to one half of the excavation in the cat, and corresponding with it.

The part called w, w, is called the slide, and is shown separately in Fig. 4. Its upper part consists of a frame about one foot square which is furnished with tongues that fit into grooves on the inner edges of the plates e, e, as shown in the drawing. S, S, S, S, are parallel iron rods half an inch in diameter and three inches apart, so placed as to embrace the plates, or disks i, i, on either end of the jack, and cat between them; t, t, are braces to steady them. Between these rods the jack and cat can traverse up, and down, and vibrate to the extent required as they pass along the steel guides. The part u, as shown separately in Fig. 5, we call the catch, as its office is to hold, and steady the part of the article which has been turned; it runs in grooves in the sills, its standard, or upright, v, having a hole in it sufficiently large for the intended purpose. It is brought up by the weight X, and its structure and use are too obvious to require further description.

Operation: When the article to be turned is intended to be cylindrical or of the same diameter from end to end the screw-bolts f, f, are so turned that the guide strips g, g, shall be parallel to each other, and at such distance apart as shall correspond with the intended size of the article, one end of which is then fixed in a suitable chuck, and the slide w, w, Fig. 4, carrying the jack, and cat, the pins, on the ends of which embrace the guide strips, is made to advance by hand so as to receive the piece to be turned between the notch in the cat, and the cutter, and by continuing to advance the slide the turning is effected. When the jack has arrived close against the chuck it may be lifted out, and the turned piece removed, the upper guide strips having notches made in them to allow the lower pins which embrace the strip to pass through.

When the piece to be turned is to be taper or of variable diameter the guide strips must be so set as to produce the desired form, as the ends of the guide strips must draw in when they do not stand parallel to each other it will be found best, in order to prevent bending, or cramping in setting to allow the screw bolts f, f, one of them excepted to work in bushes that are in some degree ovaling lengthwise of the frame, without giving lateral play. Instead of constructing the machine with a mandrel as described this part may be omitted, and the frame with its appendages may be adapted to any suitable turning lathe.

What we claim as our invention, and wish to secure by Letters Patent is-

The manner of fixing, and adjusting the guide strips, and of combining with them the parts which we have called the jack, and the cat with their appendages, constructed and operating substantially in the manner described.

The machine as above described is made of wood, steel, and iron, and may be wholly made of metal.

ENOS ALVORD.
NELSON ALVORD.

Witnesses:
MAXEY M. CONCEY,
AUGUSTUS COLLINS.